Showing posts with label Famous Personalities. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Famous Personalities. Show all posts

Sunday, 6 November 2011

About Hitler


Hitler and Homosexuality


Hitler always kept his private life very secret, but some people say that they know very much about his private life i.e. He was Homosexual, he had love affairs with lot of women such as his niece Geli Raubal and, of course, Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler’s homosexuality has been proven beyond question by German historian Lothar Machtan’s massively researched new book, The Hidden Hitler, which shows homosexuality’s central role in Hitler’s personal life.


Hitler and Porn


Hitler staff secretly made films for him of torture and execution of political prisoners, which he very much enjoyed viewing. His executive assistants also secured pornographic pictures and movies for him.


Hitler’s Handwriting


Advertisment 



Hitler’s handwriting was impeccable. When famous psychologist Carl Jung saw Hitler’s handwriting in 1937, he remarked: “Behind this handwriting I recognize the typical characteristics of a man with essentially feminine instinct.”
After comparing different samples of Hitler’s Handwriting , physiologists found very interesting patterns,they can easily see emotional collapse in his later signatures.


Hitler and his Bitch


Hitler was very proud of his German Shepherd named Blondi. He spent countless hours training her, and would even interrupt meetings with generals to practice her tricks. The generals realized that if Blondi did well, Hitler was in a better mood, and more likely to take their advice. If she did poorly, he would become sullen and stubborn. One of the officers later said, “I sometimes had the impression that the outcome of the Russian campaign depended more on Blondi than the German general staff.


Hitler with great sense of humor


Everyone know Hitler as a furious and ruthless general, but not many people know he loved to crack jokes with his close associates whenever he had free time; Rochus Misch, who is now 90 years old and who served as telephonist in the Berlin bunker says ” Hitler, the mass killer, “had a small fund of jokes,“
Several instances of Hitler‘s humor ended up in a dossier called simply “The Hitler Book” which was compiled for Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the end of WW2,It relates how Joseph Goebbels, the evil propaganda minister, told Hitler a latest scurrilous rumor: that the immensely vain Goering went to bed wearing medals on his pajamas.

Wednesday, 2 November 2011

Abdur-Rehman Mohmand

Abdur-Rehman Mohmand was a great Pashto language poet, He was born in 1653 and died in 1711. He has written a large number of Pashto Poems on deferent issues as well as on Pashto language, He has left a treasure of pashto poetry for the new generation of Pashto language. Pashtun called him Rehman Baba it's mean he is the father of Pashto poetry. Da Rahman Baba Dewan is a good work of him.

Pashto/Persian: Ahmad Shāh Abdālī


Ahmad Shah Durrani (c. 1722–1773) (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه درانی), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.
Ahmad Khan enlisted as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers.After the death of Nader Shah Afshar of Persia in June 1747, Abdali became the Emir of Khorasan. Rallying his Pashtun tribes and allies, he pushed east towards the Mughal and the Maratha Empire of India as well as west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Persia and north toward the Khanate of Bukhara. Within a few years he had conquered all of today's Afghanistan and Pakistan, including much of northeastern Iran and the Punjab region in the Indian subcontinent. He defeated the Marathas eight times, one of his major victory was at the 1761 Battle of Panipat which was fought north of Delhi in India.
After his natural death in 1772-73, his son Timur Shah took control of the empire. Ahmad Shah's mausoleum is located at Kandahar, Afghanistan, adjacent to the famous Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed in the center of the city. The Afghans often refer to him as Ahmad Shah Bābā

Monday, 10 October 2011

Jagjit Singh: Ghazal singer is not more

Jagjit Singh: Ghazal singer, composer, vocalist
Date of Birth: 8 February, 1941
Birthplace: Ganganagar, Rajputana (in British India)
Nickname: Ghazaljit Singh
Schooling: Khalsa High School at Ganganagar
graduated in arts from DAV College, Jalandhar
post-graduate from Kurukshetra University, Haryana
Father: Sardar Amar Singh Dhiman
Mother: Bachchan Kaur
Wife: Chitra (Singer)
Jagjit Singh is the top most Ghazal singer of India. His father wanted him to become a bureaucrat, but Jagjit wanted to do something in music. But later his father found happy with Jagjit's music career and achievements. Jagjit Singh has two brothers and four sisters.

Jagjit Singh took training in music from Pandit Chaganlal Sharma for two years in Ganganagar. Later he was trained by Ustad Jamaal Khan of Sainia Gharana for six years. He excelled in Thumri, Khayal and Dhrupad under the guidance of Ustad Jamaal Khan. He moved to dream land Mumbai in 1965 to try his luck in music. Like many other singer, Jagjit Singh started his singing career by singing for jingles. During the initial days he also performed at many wedding ceremonies and parties.

In 1967, while working for one of the advertisement jingles, Jagjit met his life partner Chitra. Chitra is also a popular Indian singer. They got married in 1969. They together had a son called Vivek. They lost their only son in a car accident in Mumbai, when their son was only twenty one. After death of their son Chitra stopped singing professionally, but Jagjit continued singing because he thinks it is the only way to overcome this great loss.

His unique way of rendering the Ghazal made magic in the music world. He gave new dimension to Ghazal singing by accompanying western instruments rather than going with traditional instruments like a tabla, harmonium, and string instruments. He was the one who bring Ghazal for every one which was previously restricted to some classes only.

He simplified the Ghazals for people who don't understand the traditional Urdu words. His simplified way of presenting Ghazals made audience more aware of Ghazals and also forced them to fall in love with Ghazals. Now even his fans are interested in learning the Urdu language.

He is very unique with his singing style. He can stretch his breathe so long that it's impossible for anyone else. The smoothness and calmness in his voice can lead any impatient person to a peaceful state. His voice makes such a magic that even many psychiatrists agreed that his singing gives relief from stress.

The undisputed singer has more than fifty Ghazal albums on his credit. Along with Ghazal, he also had sung Bhajans and Gurbani. He had sung beautiful Bhajans in albums like Hey Ram...Hey Ram, Hare Krishna, Maa, Man Jeetai Jagjeet and Ichhabal. All of his Ghazals and Bhajans are hit. Success of most of his albums made him one of the top Ghazal singers in the world. Besides Hindi and Urdu, he also had sung in Punjabi and Gujarati language. His Punjabi songs are very lively and joyous.

Jadjit Singh sung most of the poetry by famous poets like Mirza Ghalib, Nida Fazli, Ameer Meenai, Sudarshan Faakir and Kafeel Aazer. He also sung the words by writers like Faiz Ratlami, Zaka Siddiqi, Rajesh Reddy and Nazir Bakri. Along with singing Jangjit Singh also has composed his Ghazals. His compositions for the TV serial Mirza Ghalib was one of his best. His most successful composition for films include films like Arth, Premgeet, Khudai and Sarfarosh.

Along with solo albums, Jagjit also had successful history in Bollywood as well. His famous film songs includes 'Hontho Se Choo Lo Tum' from Prem Geet, 'Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar' and 'Tum Itna Jo Muskura Rahe Ho' from Arth, 'Chhitti Na Koi Sandesh' from Dushman, Hosh Walon Ko Kya Khabar Hai' from Sarfarosh, 'Koi Fariyad Tere Dil Mein' from Tum Bin, 'Kehta Hai Baabul' from Baabul, and many more.

After entertaining the world for more than four decades, the singer still today active with his private albums and live concerts.

Jagjit Singh - Awards & Achievements

2006 - Teacher's Achievement Awards
2003 - Padma Bhushan by Indian Government (one of India's highest civilian award)


Jagjit Singh - Hits

Jhuki Juhki Si Nazar
Honthon Se Choo Lo Tum
Tum Itna Jo Muskura
Yeh Tera Ghar Yeh Mera Ghar
Tum Ko Dekha To Khayal Aaya
Woh Kagaz Ki Kash Ti
Hoshwaalon Ko Khabar Kya
Aaye Hain Samjhane Log
Koi Fariyad Tere Dil Mein Dabi Ho Jaise
Main Nashe Mein Hoon

Saturday, 8 October 2011

History Of Steve Jobs


History



Steve bought his Palo Alto home in the mid-1990s, after his marriage with Laurene. The house is the British country style, it fits beautifully with the rest of this quiet neighborhood — and certainly does not stand out as the house of a high-tech/media mogul. From people who have seen it, the house is lightly furnished, but much more so than Steve's Woodside mansion during his bachelor days. Steve lives here with his wife Laurene and his three kids Reed, Erin and Eve, who were all raised there.


After Steve Jobs was granted the right to demolish the Jackling house, speculation arose as to when he would leave Palo Alto for a brand new house in Woodside. Since construction has not begun yet, it is the subject of many fantasies.

Apple co-founder and former CEO Steve Jobs has died from pancreatic cancer at age 56 and tributes have been pouring in from colleagues and rivals.


Apple co-founder and former CEO, Steve Jobs, has succumbed to a long fight with pancreatic cancer. He was 56.

In a rare showing for an industrialist, tributes have been pouring in from flowers at Apple stores to accolades from his technology rivals.

Karen Barlow reports.

KAREN BARLOW, REPORTER: People read about the death of Steve Jobs on the devices he gave to the world.

The tech and marketing revolutionary died in California surrounded by his family.

MARK PESCE, FUTURIST AND TECHNOLOGY COMMENTATOR: There is no other person in the history of computing that has had such a big impact on computing. If that doesn't justify a cult I'm not sure what does.

KAREN BARLOW: Steve Jobs made products people build their lives around and he loved selling them.

STEVE JOBS: This is the best $50 you will ever spend. Phenomenal. It works like magic. We have designed something wonderful for your hand.

VOX POP I: He created products that people really loved and it has affected how they live their lives.

VOX POP II: They're pretty different. I think other people are constantly trying to catch up to Apple. It's not like the other way around.

KAREN BARLOW: Apple broke the news of his passing. It said it has "lost a visionary and creative genius and the world has lost an amazing human being."

MARK PESCE: He said a computer is a bicycle for the mind because you get on it and you can go places that you can't go with your own feet. And really, I think that was his goal. He wanted to bring these bicycles of the mind to everybody and in the end he did because we now all have really smart, really well connected devices in our pockets that do provide us with those wheels.

KAREN BARLOW: Today's iPods, iPads and iMacs have their origins in a California garage in 1976. There Steve Jobs and high school friend Steve Wozniak created their first computer and company, leading to the mouse and the Macintosh.

(Extract from a 1984 advertisement)

ANNOUNCER, ADVERTISEMENT: On January 24 Apple computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like 1984.

KAREN BARLOW: The next year Jobs was forced to leave the company he created. He resigned from Apple after a power struggle and moved on to start a new computer company, NeXT, and redefined animation at the studio Pixar.

STEVE JOBS: Sometimes life is going to hit you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I am convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love and that is as true for work as it is for your lovers.

KAREN BARLOW: Apple stumbled without Steve Jobs and Steve Jobs stumbled without Apple. NeXT didn't sell well, although Tim Berners Lee used the operating system to write the worldwide web.
In the late '90s Apple brought NeXT and Jobs returned to his original creation.

The technology developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's now signature portable slimline touch screen devices.

STEVE JOBS: These are post-PC devices that need to be easier to use than a PC. They need to be even more intuitive than a PC.

KAREN BARLOW: Steve Jobs was a perfectionist who demanded the best from people around him. His efforts have turned Apple into the world's largest technology corporation but as his fortunes rose his health failed. He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2004.

Here in 2005 he'd thought he'd beaten it.

STEVE JOBS: If you haven't found it yet, keep looking and don't settle. As with all matters of the heart you will know when you find it and like any great relationship it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking.

KAREN BARLOW: Apple is locked in a legal battle with rival Samsung over alleged smartphone patent infringements but even Samsung took time out to join the likes of Bill Gates and Barack Obama in praising Steve Jobs today.

Apple's new chief executive Tim Cook launched a new iPhone yesterday to less than impressive reviews. It turns out the company was holding fire while it had something more personal to deal with.

Monday, 26 September 2011

Women of Knowledge in Islam

Law and General Islamic Sciences .The Legacy of the Prophet’s Wives and Companions .Rabi'ah Bint Mu'awwad - great scholar of fiqh, taught ntellectual scholars of Madina .Umm 'Atiyyah - sahabah and learned scholars among the tabi'een used to come to her to learn various aspects of Islamic jurisprudence, narrated many ahadith. .A'isha bint Sa'd bint ibn Abi Waqqas - daughter ofgreat Sahabi. She was very learned in Islamic sciences to the point that Imam Malik, Hakim ibn Utaybah and Ayyub as Sakhtiyani, the famous jurists and scholars of ahadith were her pupils. .Sayyida Nafisa: Granddaughter of Hasan - A large number of pupils came to her from different places to learn from her. Imam Shafi'i was one of her pupils. .Fatima bint Qays - discussed a juristic point with 'Umar and 'A'isha. Imam Nawawi said, "She was one of those who migrated in the early days, and possessed great intellect and excellence.” .Hafsa bint Sirin - sister of M. Sirin. Memorized Quran at 12, read Qtran each night.prayed and fasted incessantly.

Famous Companion Women


Sumayya - first martyr of Islam
Umm Aiman Barakah
Umm Salamah
Fatima
Samra bint Nuhayk al Asadiyya - market inspector
Ash Shifa bint Abdullah - skilled in medicine public
administration - Umar appoints her wali of administration of the marketplace

Warrior Women

                                               BRAVE WOMEN
Took part in battles by carrying water, nursing wounded, some also fought! Safiyya bint Abdul Muttalib, ras saw aunt killed a spy with a tent pole
Khaibar & Umayyah bint Qais & the women of Banu Ghifaar
The Yarmuk contingent
Azdah bint al Harith: Heroine of Battle of Maisaan - banners made
out of headscarves to reinforce the army! THE BLACK KNIGHT:  Khawlah bint al-Azwar

In Quraan


Quranic Women Hawwa - not to blame
Maryam - Quranic ideal
Bilqis - queen of sheeba - consulted advisors, ruled her
kingdom, passes judgements, leads her ppl to Islam . Asiyaa- wife of Firawn, saves Moosa{as}
Wife of Aziz, Ibrahim, Lut
Response to women - Mujadilah

Thursday, 22 September 2011

famous people

Prophets Of Islam

 Prophets Of Islam 
The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. Such individuals are believed by Muslims to have been assigned a special mission by God ( Allah Almighty ) to guide mankind. In the Quran, prophets such as Moses, Jesus and Muhammad peace be upon him are appointed to spread the word of Allah Almighty (Divine Message). Many of these prophets are also found in the holy texts of Judaism and Christianity (see Similarities between the Bible and the Quran)
Each of these prophets is believed to have been instructed by God to warn his community against evil and urge his people to obey God and those prophets are considered "messengers". Of all the thousands of prophets, a tiny minority of these are believed to be messengers, or rasul. Only Muhammad peace be upon him is regarded as having undertaken a prophetic mission addressed to all of humanity rather than a specific populace.
Traditionally, five prophets are regarded as especially important in Islam: Nuh (Noah), Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Isa (Jesus) and Muhammad. Although it offers many incidents from the lives of many prophets, the Quran focuses with special narrative and rhetorical emphasis on the careers of the first four of these five major prophets.
Prophets in the Quran
The following are listed as prophets in the Quran; their Biblical names are given in parentheses.
»
Adam
»
Musa (Moses)
»
Idris (Enoch)
»
Harun (Aaron)
»
Nuh (Noah)
»
Zulkifl
»
Hud (Heber)
»
Daud (David)
»
Saleh (Shelah)
»
Sulayman (Solomon)
»
Ibrahim (Abraham)
»
Ilyas (Elijah)
»
Lut (Lot)
»
Al-Yasa (Elisha)
»
Ismail (Ishmael)
»
Yunus (Jonah)
»
Ishaq (Isaac)
»
Zakariya (Zechariah)
»
Yaqub (Jacob)
»
Yahya (John)
»
Yusuf (Joseph)
»
Isa (Jesus)
»
Ayub (Job)
»
Muhammad
»
Shoaib (Jethro)

famous people

Musa Bin Nusair

Musa bin Nusair (640—716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. In 698 he was made the viceroy of North Africa and was responsible for putting down a large Berber rebellion. He also had to deal with constant harassment from the Byzantine navy and he built a navy that would go on to conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Minorca.

In Spain there was internal fighting among the Visigoths. Among the factions were the sons of a recently deceased king who felt that they had unfairly been stripped of power. They appealed to Musa to intervene in their civil war, and Musa agreed. He sent his deputy, Tariq bin Ziyad to Spain whose armies landed at Gibraltar on April 30 , 711, from whence they proceeded to take most of Spain. Their major victory came in September of the same year when the Muslim armies defeated Roderick at the Guadalete River. Musa joined Tariq in 712 and led armies into Southern France, where he annexed some land. Musa was planning an invasion of the rest of Europe when he was recalled to Damascus by Al-Waleed. Al-Waleed would die soon after and Musa would be jailed by his successor, Suleiman who would have Musa executed in 716. The reasoning behind this was that Suleiman saw Musa as a threat. But perhaps it was a personal vendetta.
 

Imam Shamil

Imam Shamil (1797 - March 1871 was a Checheni Avar political and religious leader of the Muslims of the Northern Caucasus. He was important in the anti Russian national liberation movement of the Caucasian peoples in and was the third Imam of Daghestan and Chechnya. Imam Shamil was born in 1797 in the small village of Gimry which is in current day Daghestan. His father was a free landlord, and this position allowed Shamil to study many subjects including Arabic, logic and other areas. Shamil also joined a Sufi order, and established himself as a well respected and educated man among other Muslims of the Caucasus. He made a pilgramige or hajj to Mecca in 1828 and there he met Abdel Kadir, from whom he learned guerilla war tactics.

Shamil was born at a time when the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were at war with the armies of Russia. Since the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Russian empire had begun to expand and eventually took control of the region from the Ottoman Empire. As time progressed, the Muslims of the region began to feel that their way of life was threatened, and they were continually at war with the Russians. Some of the earlier leaders of Muslim resistance were Sheikh Mansur and Ghazi Mollah. Shamil was actually childhood friends with Mollah and would become his disciple.

At the battle of Ghimri, Mollah died and Shamil took his place as the premier leader of Muslim resistance in the Caucasus. He would come to be known as al-Imam al-Azam or leader of all the Caucasus. He was effective at uniting the peoples of the mountains to fight the Russians and won many victories against the Russians from 1817 until 1859. He made effective use of guerilla warfare tactics and the resistance was only ended when the Russians deployed half a million troops and reduced the forces of Shamil down to the hundreds. On August 25, 1859 Shamil and his family were jailed in the Daghestan village (aoul ) Gunib.

After being defeated by the Russians, Shamil was sent to Moscow  to meet the Tsar and then he was exiled to a town Kaluga  outside of Moscow. In 1869 he was given permission to retire to the holy city of Mecca and he travelled there through Istanbul. He died in Medina in 1871 while visiting the city and was buried the Jannatul Baqi which is also the site where many important personalities from Islamic history are buried.

Shamil continues to be revered in the Caucasus for his resistance to the Russians, and is held up as a role model by those leading the current fight against Russian control of the region. The Chechen guerilla leader Shamil Basayev is named for him.
 
 

Abu Bakar (Razi Allah o Anho: First Caliph of Islamic State

Abu Bakr (Razi Allah O Anhoo) was born in Mecca, a Quraishi of the Banu Taim clan. According to early Muslim historians, he was a merchant, and highly esteemed as a judge, as an interpreter of dreams, and as one learned in in Meccan traditions. He was one of the last people anyone would have expected to convert to the faith preached by his kinsman Muhammad peace be upon him. Yet he was one of the first converts to Islam (see below) and instrumental in converting many of the Quraish and the residents of Mecca.

Originally called Abd-ul-Ka'ba ("servant of the house of God"), on his conversion he assumed the name of Abd-Allah (servant of God). However, he is usually styled Abu Bakr (from the Arabic word bakr , meaning a young camel) due to his interest in raising camels. Sunni Muslims also honor him as Al-Siddiq ("the truthful", or "upright"). His full name was Abd-Allah ibn Abi Quhaafah.

He was one of Messenger Muhammad's constant companions. When Muhammad fled from Mecca in the hijra of 622 , Abu Bakr alone accompanied him. Abu Bakr was also linked to Muhammad by marriage: Abu Bakr's daughter Hazarat Aisha (Razi Allah o Anha) married Muhammad peace be upon hm soon after the migration to Medina. Once a wealthy man, he was known to have impoverished himself by purchasing the freedom of several Muslim slaves from polytheist masters.Abubakar , Abi Bakr , Abu Bakar ; 573– August 23, 634 ruled as the first of the Muslim caliphs  (632 – 634).
 
 

Mughal Empire: Indian Sub Continent

The Mughal Empire, (Mughal Baadshah, alternative spelling Mogul) was an empire that at its greatest territorial extent ruled parts of Afghanistan, Balochistan and most of the Indian Subcontinent between 1526 and 1857. The empire was founded by the Mongol leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. The word "Mughal" is the Indo-Aryan version of "Mongol." The religion of Mughals was Islam.

The empire was largely conquered by Sher Shah during the time of Humayun, but under Akbar, it grew considerably, and continued to grow until the end of Aurangzeb's rule. Jahangir, the son of Akbar, ruled the empire between (1605-1627). In October 1627, Shah Jahan, son of Jahangir, "succeeded to the throne", where he "inherited a vast and rich empire" in India; and "at mid-century this was perhaps the greatest empire in the world". The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, commissioned between (1630 - 1653), the Taj Mahal, in Agra, India.

After Aurangzeb died in 1707, the empire started a slow and steady decline in actual power, although it maintained all the trappings of power in the Indian subcontinent for another 150 years. In 1739 it was defeated by an army from Persia led by Nadir Shah. In 1756 an army of Ahmad Shah looted Delhi again. The British Empire finally dissolved it in 1857, immediately prior to which it existed only at the sufferance of the British East India Company.
Famous Mughal Emperors
Babur
1526
1530
Humayun
1530
1556
Akbar
1556
1605
Jahangir
1605
1627
Shah Jahan
1627
1658
Aurangzeb
1658
1707
 
 

Abu Rehan Biruni: Al Biruni

Abu Raihan Biruni (September, 973 | December, 1048) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, astrologer, traveler, historian, pharmacist, and teacher, who contributed greatly to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and science.

He was born in Khwarazm, presently in Uzbekistan. He studied mathematics and astronomy under Abu Nasr Mansur. He was a colleague of the Central Asian philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, the historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh in a university and science center established by prince Abu Al Abbas Mamun Khawarazmshah. He also traveled to Pakistan and India with Mahmud of Ghazni, who also became his patron and accompanied him on his campaigns there learning the language and studying the religion and philosophy and wrote Tarikh al Hind "Chronicles of India". He also knew the Greek Language, Sanskrit, possibly Syriac and Berber. He wrote his books in Persian and Arabic, but his native language was Khwarezmian.

Some of his notable achievements included:
* At the age of 17, he calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarazm using the maximum altitude of the sun.

* By th age of 22, he had written several short works including a study of map projections, Cartography which included a methodology for projecting a hemisphere on a plane

* By the age of 27, he had written a book called Chronology which referred to other work he had completed (now lost) that included one book about the astrolabe, one about the decimal system, four about astrology and two about history.

* He calculated the radius of the Earth to be 6,339.6 kilometres (this result was replicated in the Western world in the 16th century).

Biruni's works number more than 120.His contributions to mathematics include:
» Theoretical and practical arithmetic
» Summation of series
» Combinatorial analysis
» The rule of three
» Irrational numbers
» Ratio theory
» Algebraic definitions
» Method of solving algebraic equations
» Geometry
» Archimedes' theorems
» Trisection of the angle
 

Friday, 16 September 2011

Muhammad Bin Qasim



Muhammad bin Qasim ( 695 Events - 715 ) was an Arab general who captured Sindh and started the Islamic era in South Asia, and more specifically the Indian subcontinent.

Muhammad bin Qasim was born around 695, his father died when he was young, so his education was handled by his mother. One of his close relatives was the Umayyad governor Hajjaj bin Yousef who was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governing.

With Hajjaj's patronage, he was made governor of Persia where he put down a rebellion. At the age of seventeen, he was sent by caliph  Al-Walid I to lead an army into India, in what is now the Sindh area of present day Pakistan. The Umayyad reasoning for this attack was to rescue some pilgrims that were taken captive by pirates. Though this explanation is held by many experts to be highly suspect and a mere ploy.

Bin Qasim was successful, rapidly taking all of Sindh and moving into southern Punjab up to Multan. The forces of Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahar, and took his daughters captive (they were sent to Damascus ). On his arrival at the town of Brahminabad between 6,000 and 16,000 men died in the battle that ensued.

After the violence Qasim attempted to establish law and order in the newly-conquered territory by allowing a degree of religious tolerance. He was countermanded by Hajjaj who insisted on a more hardline policy. As a whole, populations of conquered territories were treated as people of the book and granted religious toleration of Hindu religion in return for payment of the poll tax (jizya). Brahmin caste system was tolerated and no conversion of conquered populations was attempted.

He also began preparations for an attack on Rajasthan. In the interim though, Hajjaj bin Yousef died, as did the caliph al-Walid I. The new caliph, Suleiman was a political enemy of Hajjaj and recalled Muhammad bin Qasim using the claims of Raja Dahar's daughters as a pretense (they claimed that bin Qasim had not treated them right - the validity of this claim is questionable). Bin Qasim was wrapped in oxen hides and returned to Syria. He could have very well not followed the caliphs order, but he did. Muhammad bin Qasim died in jail, at the age of twenty.

Bin Qasim's rapid gains at such a young age have led many scholars to speculate on how much he could have achieved had he been given the chance. Some have written that he may have taken all of South Asia, but whether or not this is valid is debatable.